
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ (mean = 2.24, sd = 1.69)}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.26, sd = 0.44)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity          & 0.245$^{***}$ & 0.248$^{***}$ & 0.047$^{*}$   & 0.048$^{*}$\\   
                              & (0.053)       & (0.053)       & (0.027)       & (0.027)\\   
   Population                 &               & 0.041         &               & 0.008\\   
                              &               & (0.061)       &               & (0.016)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.065$^{***}$ & 0.071$^{***}$ & 0.010         & 0.012$^{*}$\\   
                               & (0.022)       & (0.023)       & (0.007)       & (0.006)\\   
   Predicted population        &               & 0.049         &               & 0.011\\   
                               &               & (0.044)       &               & (0.014)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.395$^{**}$  & 0.403$^{**}$  & 0.062         & 0.066\\   
                                         & (0.167)       & (0.166)       & (0.046)       & (0.043)\\   
   Population                            &               & 0.013         &               & 0.005\\   
                                         &               & (0.045)       &               & (0.016)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 11            & 18; 453       & 11            & 18; 453\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.163$^{***}$ & 0.176$^{***}$ &  & 0.018         \\
                               & (0.049)       & (0.049)       &  & (0.047)       \\
   Predicted population        &               & 0.094$^{***}$ &  & 0.878$^{***}$ \\
                               &               & (0.019)       &  & (0.110)       \\
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects     & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 218,618       & 218,618       & 218,618       & 218,618\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


